Intrauterine Growth Restriction and Small for Gestational Age

Question: Discuss about theIntrauterine Growth Restriction and Small for Gestational Age. Answer: Introduction Intrauterine growth restriction is referred to as the condition where the fetus fails to achieve the potential size that it has been determined to achieve. In obstetrics, it is common practice for the diagnosis of intrauterine growth restriction as it raises the risk of mortality during the prenatal periods. Unlike in the SGA, ultrasound biometry is used to assess amniotic fluid as well as the fetal size. Melchiorre et al. (2009) argues that IUGR results from the chronic insufficiency of uteroplacental. According to Garca De Miguel et al. (2010), an IUGR fetus shows a noteworthy difference in perinatal outcomes that are adverse, unlike for SGA fetuses. IUGR is associated with a fetal structural malformation, infections and uteroplacental dysfunction which is considered to be the most common cause. IUGR fetus does not achieve the expected user growth potential due to genetic or environmental factors. Small for gestational age (SGA) has been described as growth within the tenth percentile for weight of every fetus within that gestational age (Melchiorre et al., 2009). SGA babies appear neurologically and physically mature than others of the same gestational age. SGA occurs due to growth problems like of necessary nutrients and oxygen. It can be diagnosed through ultrasound, gestational assessment, cardiotocography, mothers weight gain and Doppler flow which uses the sound wave to measure blood (Sanz-Cortes et al., 2015; Melchiorre et al., 2009). Melamed et al. (2016) point out that SGA antenatal diagnosis decrease neonatal mortality. Small infants of SGA are those below 10th percentile average weight due to constitutional factors including maternal heights, weight, ethnicity, and parity. There is a decrease in risk of perinatal mortality or morbidity. References Garca De Miguel, L., Rodriguez, N., Sebastiani, G., Daz, M., Ibez, L., Gmez Roig, M. (2010). OP01.10: Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR), small for gestational age (SGA) and postnatal growth at twelve and twenty four months of life. Ultrasound In Obstetrics And Gynecology, 36(S1), 54-55. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/uog.7932 Sanz-Cortes, M., Simoes, R., Bargallo, N., Figueras, F., Gratacs, E. (2015). OC10.04: Brain metabolic differences assessed by MR spectroscopy in neonates born at term small-for-gestational age and with intrauterine growth restriction. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 46, 22-22. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/uog.15017 Melamed, N., Pittini, A., Kingdom, J., Barrett, J. (2016). 163: Sonographic factors distinguishing late intrauterine growth restriction from late small for gestational age fetuses. American Journal Of Obstetrics And Gynecology, 214(1), S104-S105. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2015.10.199 Melchiorre, K., Leslie, K., Prefumo, F., Bhide, A., Thilaganathan, B. (2009). First-trimester uterine artery Doppler indices in the prediction of small-for-gestational age pregnancy and intrauterine growth restriction. Ultrasound In Obstetrics And Gynecology, 33(5), 524-529. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/uog.6368